Borobudur
is a Buddhist temple, located in the village of Borobudur in Magelang
regency, Central Java, was built by King Samaratungga, one of the kings
of ancient Mataram Kingdom, Sailendra dynasty descendants. Borobudur name is a combination of the word Bara and Budur. Bara from Sanskrit means temple or monastery. While Budur comes from the word meaning Beduhur above, thereby Borobudur means monastery on the hill. While
according to other sources means a mountain having terraces (budhara),
while other sources say that Borobudur means monastery on the high
place. Punden Borobudur-shaped building consists of 10 levels, measuring 123 x 123 meters. Height 42 meters before being renovated and 34.5 meters after the renovation because the lowest level is used as a buffer. This Buddhist temple has 1460 relief panels and 504 Buddha effigies in its complex. Six lowest level square and three levels on top of a circle, and the highest level of Buddhist stupa facing to the west. Each level symbolizes stages of human life. Appropriate
school of Mahayana Buddhism, every person who wants to reach the level
of a Buddha have to go through each stage of the life. * Kamadhatu, the base of Borobudur, symbolizes human being that are still bound by lust. *
Rupadhatu, four levels above it, symbolizing human beings that have
been able to break free from lust but are still bound to appearance and
shape. At these levels, the Buddha statue is laid open. * Arupadhatu, three levels above where the Buddhist stupas are placed in holes. Symbolizes man who was freed from lust, appearance, and shape. * Arupa, the top of which symbolizes nirvana, where Buddha is residing. Each level has reliefs to be read coherently run clockwise (towards the left of the temple entrance). In
the reliefs of Borobudur tells the story of a legendary story, a
variety of story content, among other reliefs there about the epic
Ramayana, there are reliefs Jataka stories. In addition, there are relief panels describing the condition of society at that time. For
example, relief of farmers' activity reflecting the advance of
agriculture system and relief of sailing boat representing the advance
of the cruise, who was based in Bergotta (Semarang). All relief panels in Borobudur temple reflect Buddha's teachings. A
Buddhist from India named Atisha, in the 10th century, had visited the
temple that was built 3 centuries before Angkor Wat in Cambodia and 4
centuries before the Grand Cathedrals in Europe. Thanks
to visiting Borobudur and having supply of Buddha teaching script from
Serlingpa (King of Sriwijaya), Atisha was able to develop Buddhism. He became abbot Vikramasila and taught Tibetans of practicing Dharma. Six
manuscripts of Serlingpa was condensed into a core teaching is called
"The Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment" or better known by the name of
Bodhipathapradipa. One
of the questions still unanswered about Borobudur is how the condition
around the temple was built and why the temple was found in a state
buried. Some say Borobudur initially stood dikelilingii swamp and then buried by the eruption of Merapi. It is based on Calcutta inscription reads 'Amawa' means sea of milk. The word was later interpreted as Merapi lava, Borobudur possibility Merapi cold lava buried. The villages around Borobudur, as there Wanurejo Karanganyar and activities of people making crafts. In addition, the peak Watu Kendil an ideal place for a panoramic view from the top of Borobudur. May 27, 2006 earthquake and has no impact at all on the temple Borobudur so that the building can still be visited. History
Borobudur About three hundred years ago, where this temple is still a
shrub that by surrounding residents called Redi Borobudur. For
the first time, the name of the script Negarakertagama Borobudur known
Prapanca MPU work in 1365 AD, mentioned about the monastery in Budur. Later
in the text Babad Tanah Jawi (1709-1710) there was news about Diamond
Fund, a rebel against King Pakubowono I, caught in Redi Borobudur and
sentenced to death. Then
in 1758, the news sparked about a prince from Yogyakarta, namely Prince
Monconagoro, who would like to see a statue of a warrior trapped in a
cage. In 1814, Thomas Stamford Raffles got the news of his subordinates on the hill covered with carved stones. Based on the news Raffles sent Cornelius, an admirer of art and history, to clean up that hill. Once
cleaned for two months with the help of 200 people, the temple became
clear and restoration resumed in 1825. In 1834, the Resident Kedu
cleanse the temple again, and in 1842 the temple stupa reviewed for
further research. Regarding the name Borobudur Borobudur name itself many archaeologists who interpret it, among them Prof. Dr. Poerbotjoroko Borobudur explains that the word is derived from two words Bhoro and Budur. Bhoro
derived from Sanskrit which means bihara or dormitories, while the word
Budur refer to the word which comes from Bali Beduhur meaning above. This opinion is corroborated by Prof. Dr. WF. Stutterheim who found Borobudur means Bihara on top of a hill. Prof. JG. De
Casparis basing on Middle Reef inscription that mentions the
construction of this building, which Sangkala Year: Sagara kstidhara
sense, or in Caka 746 (824 AD), or during the Sailendra dynasty that
glorifies God Indra. In
the inscription didapatlah Bhumisambharabhudhara name means place of
worship of the ancestors for the souls of their ancestors. How is the shift that word happens to be Borobudur? This happens because of the local pronunciation. Borobudur
temple Borobudur temple construction was made during the Buddhist
Sailendra dynasty under the leadership of King Samarotthungga. Temple architecture creates, based on the public utterances named Gunadharma. Construction
of the temple was completed in 847 AD According to the inscription
Kulrak (784M) making of this temple is assisted by a teacher from
Ghandadwipa (Bengalore) named Kumaragacya highly respected, and a prince
of Kashmir named Visvawarman as advisors who are experts in the
teachings of Tantric Vajrayana Buddhists. The
construction of this temple began in the Raja Maha Sri
Sanggramadananjaya Dananjaya the title, followed by his son,
Samarotthungga, and by a granddaughter, Dyah Ayu Pramodhawardhani. Before restoration, Borobudur only in ruins as well as artifacts newly discovered temple. The
next restoration by Raffles and Cornelius during hatmann resident, then
subsequently carried out in 1907-1911 by Theodorus van Erp that rebuild
the temple form of debris due time eaten up the current form. Van
Erp is actually an engineer building Genie military with the rank of
lieutenant, but then attracted to research and learn the intricacies of
Borobudur, from philosophy to the teachings they contain. For that he was trying to make a comparative study for several years in India. He
also went to Sri Lanka to see the composition of the Sanchi stupa peak
in Kandy, until finally van Erp discovered form of Borobudur Temple. While the foundation of philosophy and religion found by Stutterheim and NJ. Chrome,
which is about the teachings of Mahayana Buddha Dharma-Yogācāra and
there is a tendency also mixed with flow-Tantric Vajrayana. Research
on the composition of the temple and the philosophy that carries itself
requires a substantial time, especially if linked with other temple
buildings are still one family. Such as the Borobudur temple with Pawon Mendut which are geographically located in one lane. Material Borobudur Borobudur is the second largest temple after temple Ankor Wat in Cambodia. Borobudur Temple building area of 15,129 m2, composed of 55,000 m3 of rock, from 2 million pieces of rocks. The average stone size of 25 cm X 10 cm X 15 cm. Long pieces of rock as a whole of 500 km with a total weight of 1.3 million tons of rock. The
walls of the Borobudur temple surrounded by pictures or reliefs which
is a series of stories that terususun in the 1460 panel. The length of each panel 2 meters. If the series of reliefs that stretched the length of the relief entirely approximately 3 km. Number ten levels, the level of 1-6 square, while the rate of 7-10 round. Statues located around the temple buildings totaling 504 units. Temple
high above the ground until the end of the main stupa was 42 meters,
34.5 meters but now lives after being struck by lightning. According
to the results of the investigation of an anthropologist, ethnologist
Austria, Robert von Heine Geldern, the ancestors of Indonesia are
familiar with the cultural system in the time of Neolithic and
Megalithic originating from South Vietnam and Cambodia. At
the Megalithic era ancestors of Indonesia made the tomb of his
ancestors at the same place of worship in the form of tiered pyramid
building, getting to the top is getting smaller. One was found in the Valley Sibedug Leuwiliang Bogor, West Java. Similar buildings are also found in Sukuh near Solo, also Borobudur. If we look from a distance, Borobudur will look like arrangement of building a staircase or a pyramid and a stupa. Unlike the giant pyramids in Egypt and the Pyramids of Teotihuacan in Mexico Borobudur is another version of the pyramid. Borobudur pyramid kepunden staircase will not be found in the region and any country, including in India. It is one of the advantages of Borobudur temple which is typical Buddhist architecture in Indonesia.
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| Sumber : id.wikipedia.org |
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